The effects of abstinence from food upon imaginal processes: A preliminary experiment. Examining perceptual and conceptual set biases in multiple-target visual search. In one experiment, Gordon Allport demonstrated that prejudice could have an influence on how quickly people categorize people of various races. Attitudes can also have a powerful influence on perception.One experiment demonstrated that when people came to associate a nonsense syllable with mild electrical shocks, they experienced physiological reactions to the syllable even when it was presented subliminally. For example, if we are angry, we might be more likely to perceive hostility in others. Emotions can have a dramatic impact on how we perceive the world around us.Surprisingly, researchers have found that people from different cultures even tend to perceive perspective and depth cues differently. Culture also influences how we perceive people, objects, and situations.Those who had viewed the numbers were more likely to see it as a 13, while those who had viewed the letters were more likely to see it as the letter B. Then, the participants were shown an ambiguous image that could either be interpreted as the number 13 or the letter B. One of the classic experiments on the impact of expectation on perceptual sets involved showing participants either a series of numbers or letters. If we expect people to behave in certain ways in certain situations, these expectations can influence how we perceive these people and their roles. Expectations also play an important role. Because they were hungry, they were more motivated to see the images in a certain way. When they were later shown a set of ambiguous images, those who had been food-deprived were far more likely to interpret the images as food-related objects. In one classic experiment, researchers deprived participants of food for several hours. If we are rooting for our favorite sports team, we might be motivated to view members of the opposing team as overly aggressive, weak, or incompetent.
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